Developing and Testing Strategies for Improving Cleanliness of Shared Sanitation in Low-Income Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya.

Sharing of sanitation is common in low-income settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, shared (limited) sanitation facilities have been thought to pose health risks due to poor hygiene levels. Interventions to improve user behavior and cleanliness of shared sanitation are few, both in literature and in practice. This study details the codesign and testing of strategies to improve the cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities in low-income areas of Kisumu City in Kenya. The strategies included a cleaning plan, monitoring system, and discussions among users, and were codesigned through workshops with stakeholders and group discussions with landlords and tenants. These strategies were tested in 38 compound houses through the Trials of Improved Practices approach over a 5-month period. Field staff visited the compounds, observed the cleanliness of the shared toilets, and through discussions, encouraged users to develop a formal cleaning system and a monitoring plan. The discussions built social capital and collective action and facilitated uptake of the cleaning plan with notable improvements in cleanliness of shared toilets. The results support the acceptability of shared sanitation in low-income settlements, the importance of codesigning and coproducing solutions with users, and the need to evaluate the effects of these strategies on cleanliness of shared sanitation.

Plano de contingência municipal ao Covid 19: Aguiarnópolis-TO / Municipal contingency plan to Covid 19: Aguiarnópolis-TO

Trata de documento com diretrizes para promover a prevenção, proteção à saúde e evitar a transmissão de casos de infecção pelo COVID-19 no município de Aguiarnópolis no estado do Tocantins. Orienta as equipes de saúde quanto à infecção humana por vírus Covid19 e padronizar a rotina nos serviços quanto a identificação, investigação, notificação, e assistência a caso suspeito de Doença Respiratória Aguda pelo 2019 - nCoV, de modo a evitar e/ou mitigar os riscos de transmissão. Capacitar as equipes de saúde quanto as medidas de prevenção de contaminação por Covid 19. Evitar transmissão do vírus para profissionais de saúde, contatos próximos e população em geral. Orientar sobre a conduta na identificação e assistência a paciente suspeito de infecção por coronavírus. Disseminar informações epidemiológicas e sobre a infecção pelo vírus.

It deals with a document with guidelines to promote prevention, health protection and prevent the transmission of cases of infection by COVID-19 in the municipality of Aguiarnópolis in the state of Tocantins. Guides health teams about human infection by Covid virus19 and standardize the routine in services regarding the identification, investigation, notification, and assistance to a suspected case of 2019 Acute Respiratory Disease - nCoV, in order to avoid and / or mitigate the risks transmission. Train health teams on measures to prevent contamination by Covid 19. Avoid transmission of the virus to health professionals, close contacts and the general population. To advise on the conduct in identifying and assisting a patient suspected of having a coronavirus infection. Disseminate epidemiological and virus infection information.

Se trata de un documento con lineamientos para promover la prevención, protección de la salud y prevenir la transmisión de casos de infección por COVID-19 en el municipio de Aguiarnópolis en el estado de Tocantins. Orienta a los equipos de salud sobre la infección humana por virus Covid19 y estandariza la rutina en los servicios en cuanto a la identificación, investigación, notificación y asistencia a un caso sospechoso de Enfermedad Respiratoria Aguda 2019 - nCoV, con el fin de evitar y / o mitigar los riesgos. transmisión. Capacitar a los equipos de salud sobre las medidas para prevenir la contaminación por Covid 19. Evitar la transmisión del virus a profesionales de la salud, contactos cercanos y población en general. Asesorar sobre la conducta en la identificación y asistencia de un paciente sospechoso de tener una infección por coronavirus. Difundir información epidemiológica y sobre infecciones virales.

Il traite d'un document contenant des lignes directrices pour promouvoir la prévention, la protection de la santé et prévenir la transmission des cas d'infection par COVID-19 dans la municipalité d'Aguiarnópolis dans l'état de Tocantins. Guider les équipes de santé sur l'infection humaine par le virus Covid19 et normaliser la routine des services concernant l'identification, l'enquête, la notification et l'assistance d'un cas suspect de maladie respiratoire aiguë 2019 - nCoV, afin d'éviter et / ou d'atténuer les risques transmission. Former les équipes de santé aux mesures de prévention de la contamination par Covid 19. Éviter la transmission du virus aux professionnels de la santé, aux contacts étroits et à la population en général. Donner des conseils sur la conduite à suivre pour identifier et assister un patient suspecté d'avoir une infection à coronavirus. Diffuser des informations épidémiologiques et sur les infections virales.

Gender Discrepancies Related to Pediatrician Work-Life Balance and Household Responsibilities.

BACKGROUND: Physicians must balance career and home responsibilities, yet previous studies on work-life balance are focused primarily on work-based tasks. We examined gender discrepancies and factors related to household responsibilities and work-life balance among pediatricians. METHODS: We used 2015 data from the American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatrician Life and Career Experience Study, a longitudinal study of early-career pediatricians. χ2 tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine the effects of gender on household responsibilities, satisfaction, and work-life balance attainment. We formally reviewed responses from 2 open-ended questions on work-life balance challenges and strategies for common themes. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of participants completed the survey (1293 of 1801). Women were more likely than men to report having primary responsibility for 13 of 16 household responsibilities, such as cleaning, cooking, and routine care of children (all P < .001). All gender differences except budget management remained significant when controlling for part-time work status and spouse or partner work status (P < .05). Women were less satisfied with their share of responsibilities relative to others (52% vs 62%; P < .001), and few women and men report being very successful at achieving balance between their job and other life areas (15% vs 19%, respectively; P = .05). Open-ended responses (n = 1145) revealed many barriers to achieving work-life balance. Strategies to increase work-life balance included reducing work hours, outsourcing household-related work, and adjustments to personal responsibilities and relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Female pediatricians spend more time on household responsibilities than male pediatricians, and gender is a key factor associated with work-life balance satisfaction.

Work/Family Balancing and 24/7 Work Schedules: Network Analysis of Strategies in a Transport Company Cleaning Service: Concilier travail-famille et horaires 24/7: analyse réseau des stratégies au sein du service de nettoyage d'une compagnie de transport.

Whether or not official work/family balance measures exist within an organization, scheduling accommodations often go through informal channels involving colleagues and superiors and are negotiated within interpersonal relationships. This study examines the relationship dimensions of the scheduling strategies of cleaners working atypical hours in the transport sector through the lenses of ergonomic activity, network, and gender analyses. Using semi-directed interviews, observation, and network analysis, we revealed the effect of gender on relationship dynamics and the influence of these dynamics on work/family balance strategies deployed by cleaners. One of the main contributions of this study is to demonstrate the decisive effect of relationships by revealing inequalities in access to organizational social networks. Creating spaces to discuss work/family balancing and a more equitable circulation of information could contribute to reducing inequalities associated with gender, social status, and family responsibilities and support the work/family strategies developed by workers dealing with restrictive work schedules. Résumé Les accommodements du temps de travail pour la conciliation travail-famille (CTF) passent souvent par des ententes informelles qui s'inscrivent dans les relations entre collègues ou avec des gestionnaires. Notre étude, intégrant l'ergonomie et la communication dans une perspective de genre, porte sur les dimensions relationnelles des stratégies de choix d'horaire d'agentes et agents de nettoyage devant composer avec des horaires atypiques dans le secteur des transports. À partir d'entretiens semi-dirigés, d'observations et d'analyse de réseaux, nous avons pu observer l'influence des dynamiques relationnelles, notamment de genre, sur les stratégies de CTF. Un apport central de cette étude est de montrer l'effet structurant des relations en révélant notamment des inégalités dans l'accès aux ressources facilitant le choix d'horaire, mais aussi dans l'inclusion au sein du réseau de relations. L'article conclut en proposant des pistes de solutions concrètes pour la réduction de ces inégalités.

Perceived workplace mistreatment: Case of Latina hotel housekeepers.

BACKGROUND: Latina hotel housekeepers' social class, gender, race/ethnicity, nationality, and United States immigration status render them particularly vulnerable to workplace mistreatment. OBJECTIVE: We sought to reveal the array of policy- and interpersonal-related mistreatment experienced by Latina hotel housekeepers in the southeastern United States employed at 75 local hotels which included 4-star, 3-star, 2-star, and 1-star properties. METHODS: This ethnographic study involved 27 in-depth interviews with Latina hotel housekeepers. Using semi-structured in-depth interview guides, participants were interviewed until collected data reached saturation. Data were coded to explore themes and relationships for the housekeepers' work environments, and thick descriptions of these environments were developed. RESULTS: Participants ranged in work experience from 1 to 15 years, with all but one unable to reach full-time status, and were paid between $7.25 and $8.00 per hour. Policy-related phenomena, such as low pay, lack of paid sick leave or overtime, and absence of appropriate cleaning tools or protective equipment were all perceived as forms of mistreatment by Latina hotel housekeepers. Interpersonal mistreatment in the form of supervisor favoritism, unfair work assignments, biased allocation of cleaning supplies, disrespect, and verbal abuse due to ethnicity was also perceived. CONCLUSIONS: Latina hotel housekeepers endure mistreatment that impacts their psychosocial and physical occupational health. We provide recommendations to minimize workplace mistreatment and improve well-being of Latina hotel housekeepers.

The gendered division of housework.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the verifiable achievements obtained in gender equity, one wonders if they still exist in our societies gendered activities (roles) at the household level. This study states an affirmative prediction. Gender role is here organized in four different nuclei: instrumentality inside and outside home for men; expressiveness and instrumentality inside home for women, pertaining to two clearly different domains (household activities for men and household activities for women). METHOD: 98 women and 86 men completed the Gender Roles Questionnaire (GRQ). RESULTS: Obtained results showed that: (a) men and women do not do certain household activities (roles) with the same frequency; (b) the four-dimensional approach fits the data better than the one-dimensional and even better than the two-dimensional approach (household gender roles for men and women separately). CONCLUSION: Discussion focuses on the implications of these results for both research and education.

Enfermedades profesionales de los trabajadores de limpieza en los hospitales: propuesta educativa para minimizar la exposición / Doenças ocupacionais dos trabalhadores de limpeza em ambiente hospitalar: proposta educativa para minimizar a exposição / Occupational diseases of workers cleaning service in hospital environment: educational proposal to minimize exposure

Objetivos: Identificar la enfermedad profesional de los trabajadores de limpieza del hospital; describir los factores causales de las enfermedades profesionales en este grupo de trabajadores, y ofrecer actividades educativas para minimizar la exposición a las enfermedades profesionales en este grupo. Métodos: Se trata de una revisión integral de la literatura de los últimos cinco años realizada en las bases de datos Lilacs , Medline y BDEnf . Se seleccionaron ocho artículos y después de la lectura y el análisis surgieron tres categorías: (1) las enfermedades profesionales, (2) los factores causales de las enfermedades profesionales, (3) Medidas educativas para minimizar la exposición Resultados:. Los trabajadores del Servicio de limpieza en sus actividades de trabajo están expuestos a todos los riesgos laborales. Las enfermedades profesionales identificadas en estos trabajadores son diversas, pero llaman la atención: los trastornos musculoesqueléticos y dermatitis. Las medidas educativas deben centrarse en la formación / educación continua. Conclusión: Se concluye que la educación continua puede ser una alternativa para minimizar los diversos riesgos laborales a que estos trabajadores están expuestos, ya que las actividades con un enfoque en la capacitación no son muy eficaces (AU)

Objetivos: Identificar as doenças ocupacionais entre os trabalhadores de limpeza hospitalar; descrever os fatores causais das doenças ocupacionais neste grupo de trabalhadores; e propor atividades educativas para minimizar a exposição às doenças ocupacionais neste grupo. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura dos últimos 5 anos realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, Bdenf e Medline. Resultados: Oito artigos foram selecionados e após leitura e análise surgiram 3 categorias: (1) Doenças ocupacionais, (2) Fatores causais das doenças ocupacionais, (3) Medidas educativas para minimizar a exposição. Resultados: O trabalhador do serviço de limpeza na sua atividade laboral está exposto a todos os riscos ocupacionais. As doenças ocupacionais identificadas desses trabalhadores são diversas, mas, destaca-se: distúrbios osteomusculares e dermatites. As medidas educativas tem o foco no treinamento/educação continuada. Conclusão: Conclui-se que, a educação permanente pode ser uma alternativa para minimizar os diversos riscos ocupacionais que estes trabalhadores estão expostos, já que as atividades com foco no treinamento não estão sendo muito eficazes (AU)

Objectives: To identify the occupational disease among hospital cleaning workers; describe the causal factors of occupational diseases in this group of workers; and offer educational activities to minimize exposure to occupational diseases in this group . Methods: This is a literature integrative review of the last five years held in databases Lilacs, BDEnf and Medline. Eight articles were selected and after reading and analyzing emerged three categories: (1) Occupational diseases, (2) causal factors of occupational diseases, (3) educational measures to minimize exposure. Results: Worker cleaning service in their work activities are exposed to all occupational risks. Occupational diseases identified these workers are diverse, but stands out: musculoskeletal disorders and dermatitis. The educational measures must focus on training / continuing education. Conclusion: We conclude that continuing education can be an alternative to minimize the various occupational hazards that these workers are exposed, since activities with a focus on training are not very effective (AU)

Workers' strategies to cope with increasing deterioration of working conditions in the cleaning sector.

BACKGROUND: Employees working for office-cleaning companies are directly affected by the growing competition in this sector. They face a heavier workload and heightened psychological pressure. A majority of these workers are less qualified women working part-time, with flexible and inconvenient schedules. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to highlight the workers' strategies to deal with fast work, schedule requirements and the consequent difficulties to reconcile their professional and private life commitments. METHODS: This study is based on in-depth interviews. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and twenty-five male and female workers responsible for cleaning offices. RESULTS: The themes generated from the results highlight a continued deterioration in working conditions in this sector. They also show that even approximate respect of the theoretical workload as calculated by the sub-contractor and the client company mainly depends on the workers' subjective strategies to accommodate increasingly fragmented work hours with their private lives. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, since these individual strategies are not enough to make up for the deterioration in work conditions, improving them requires sub-contractors and client companies to agree on organisational arrangements that take into account the reality of the employees' lives.

Improving firearm storage in Alaska native villages: a randomized trial of household gun cabinets.

OBJECTIVES: We determined if the installation of gun cabinets improved household firearm storage practices. METHODS: We used a wait list, randomized trial design with 2 groups. The "early" group received the intervention at baseline, and the "late" group received it at 12 months. Up to 2 gun cabinets were installed in each enrolled home, along with safety messages. In-person surveys were conducted at 12 and 18 months to determine the proportion of households reporting unlocked guns or ammunition. Direct observations of unlocked guns were also compared. RESULTS: At baseline, 93% of homes reported having at least 1 unlocked gun in the home, and 89% reported unlocked ammunition. At 12 months, 35% of homes in the early group reported unlocked guns compared with 89% in the late group (P < .001). Thirty-six percent of the early homes reported unlocked ammunition compared with 84% of late homes (P < .001). The prevalence of these storage practices was maintained at 18 months. Observations of unlocked guns decreased significantly (from 20% to 8%) between groups (P < .03). CONCLUSIONS: Gun cabinet installation in rural Alaskan households improved the storage of guns and ammunition. If these gains are sustained over time, it may lead to a reduction in gun-related injuries and deaths in this population.

Household responsibilities, income, and ambulatory blood pressure among working men and women.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that a greater perceived responsibility for household tasks and a greater number of hours spent doing these tasks would be associated with elevated ambulatory systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The connection between job characteristics and cardiovascular outcomes has been widely studied. However, less is known about links between household work characteristics and cardiovascular health. METHODS: A total of 113 employed unmedicated hypertensive men and women underwent 1 day of ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring. Participants provided information on 1) the number of hours spent doing; and 2) their degree of responsibility for seven household tasks (child care; pet care; caring for ill/elderly; household chores; house/car repair; yard work; finances). Associations between task hours and responsibility ratings in relation to SBP and DBP were estimated, using generalized estimating equations, with covariates age, race, gender, body mass index, location, and posture. Interactions with gender and socioeconomic position were assessed. RESULTS: A greater perceived responsibility for household tasks, but not the hours spent doing these tasks, was associated with higher ambulatory SBP (b (95% confidence interval [CI]), 0.93 (0.29-1.56), p = .004) and DBP (b (95% CI), 0.30 (0.10-0.51), p = .003). Significant interactions with income indicated that associations between household responsibilities and ABP were most pronounced among low income participants (SBP: b (95% CI), 1.40 (0.58-2.21), p < .001; DBP: b (95% CI), 0.48 (0.18-0.78), p < .01). The task associated most strongly with BP was household chores. No interactions with gender were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Greater perceived responsibility for household tasks was associated with elevated ABP, particularly for lower income participants. Household obligations may have important implications for cardiovascular health, meriting further empirical attention.

Deconstructing housework: cuts to home support services and the implications for hospital discharge planning.

Over the last decade, the home support resources in British Columbia have decreased. Specifically, nonmedical tasks such as housekeeping and meal preparation have been severely restricted and are no longer available for hospital discharge planning with elders who are returning to the community. This paper applies analytical deconstruction to three aspects of a case example of an elderly couple: the technical and bureaucratic aspects of who gets home support and what kind, the socially constructed aspects of gender roles and the performance of unpaid labor, and the personally informed aspects that involve an elder's life experiences, social supports, and personal values. The paper then employs a feminist poststructuralist framework to suggest discharge planning implications for social work, using the case as an example.